Definition; when “ing” form works as a subject is called gerund.
Note; there are two kind of gerund.
Present Gerund
Past gerund/perfect gerund
Present Gerund;
Definition; when the first form of the verb with ing works as subject and as an object is called present gerund.
As a subject;
Tearing the paper id bad habit.
Washing the clothes is good habit.
As a subject with its own object;
For example;
Learning the lesson is good for exam.
Drinking the milk is good for health.
Killing the people is not good action.
As an object;
He hates abusing.
We like drinking milk.
He dislikes cheating.
We like reading.
As an object its own object;
They hate drinking wine.
We dislike wondering here and there.
He dislikes killing the people.
PERFCET GERUND;
Definition; perfect gerund show the complete action of the past.
Note; it can be used in present perfect and past perfect tenses.
For example;
He denies having stolen a car.
He will deny having killed him.
He denied having learned a computer.
Question; how can we modify that a sentences is giving meaning of present perfect or past perfect tens.
Answer; it depends on verb if verb is present or future then it gives the meaning of present perfect tens and if the verb is present in past then it will give the meaning of past perfect tens.
PARTICIPLE;
Definition; when the verb works as a verb and as an adjective is called participle.
Note; there are three kinds of participle.
1. Present participle
2. Past participle
3. Perfect participle
Present participle;
Definition; when the first form of the verb with ing works as a verb as an adjective and as an adverb is called present participle.
For example;
As a verb;
They are writing a story.
We are learning a lesson.
She is meeting with her.
As an adjective;
For example;
Loving sister
Amina is loving sister.
A boring story He told us a boring story.
A caring nurse
She is a caring nurse in hospital.
Caring nurse
She is a caring nurse
As an adverb;
He is eating coming.
They are abusing fighting.
They are talking going.
PAST PARTICIPLE:
Definition; third form of the verb is called past participle;
Note; it can used as a verb and as an adjective.
As a verb;
Note; it can be used in all perfect tenses to tell the complication of an action.
For example;
We have noted you.
She will have cooked food.
They had migrated.
As an adjective;
Note; it tells us about status/condition of any things.
For example;
These are broken plates.
This is used iron.
These are ripped frouts.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE;
Definition; in this kind of participle someone completed his one action and started another action in the past.
For example;
Having bought a gun, he killed the man.
Having stolen money, they run a way.
Having washed clothes, she cooked food.
Note; it can use in the past continuous tens.
For example;
Having washed clothes, we were going to bazer.
Having written a letter, they were going to school.
Note; it can be used in passive form;
For example;
Having been eaten food, he slept.
Having been discharged, he felt shame.
Note; it can be used that someone completed his one action in past and not he is going to do his one action in present.
For example;
Having written a story, he is telling to us.
Having killed the man, he is running.
Having learned the lesson, he is going to school
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