Direct and Indirect rules

Direct and indirect

Definition; we can convey the message to someone by two way.

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

Direct Speech;

Definition: when we convey the message to someone without any changing is called direct speech.

Indirect Speech;

Definition:  when we convey the message to someone in our own words is called indirect speech.

Persons;

Note; there are total three persons.

•        First person   

•        second person    

•        third person

First persons; the one who is talking is called first person.

For example;  

I, we

I was writing a book.

I am migrating.

We were completing our work.

We will have to do this work.

Second person; the one who is listing is called second person.

For example;  

  You

You had gone to Karachi.

You are supposed to but this pen.

Third person; the one whom are we talking about is called third person.

For example;          

  He, She, They,

He is absent today.

He was playing cricket in ground.

They will come now.

Question; which is reported speech and which is reporting speech?

The changing of pronouns

Note; if we change direct speech into indirect speech the pronoun will change in the following way.

1; the first person of reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.

2; the second person of reported speech changes according to the reporting speech.

3; the third person of reported speech will not change.

Question; what is the formula of (SON) or (123)

Changing of words.

•        Here ---------there                                                           

•         Ago---------before

•        Here after------------there after                                   

•        this-----------that

•         Thus---------so                                                                  

•         Today----------that day

•         Tonight--------that night                                               

•         yesterday-------the previous day

•         Last week-------the previous week             

•        Next week--------the week after/the following week

•        Next month------alt+ month after                             

•        Hither------thither

•        Hence--------thence                                              

•        Last night------the previous night

•        Tomorrow------next day                                         

•        Go-------come

•        Come---------go                                                         

•        Will------would

•        Shell-------should                                                       

•        May-------might

•        Can-------could                                                         

•        here------there

•        These-------those 

•        Now---------then                                                               

•        This-------These

Changing of tenses

•        Present indefinite tens-------past indefinite tens

•        Present continuous tens-----past continuous tens

•        Present perfect tens-----past perfect tens

•        Present perfect continuous tens----past perfect continuous tens

•        Past indefinite tens---past perfect tens

•        Past continuous tens-----past perfect continuous tens

Basic rules of direct and indirect speech

Note; if we change the direct speech in to indirect speech then we will act upon the following rules.

•        That is used always between two speeches.

•        Inverted commas (“   ”) to be removed.

•        Persons will be changed according to the rules.

•        H.V will be used according to the tenses.

•        In reported speech the first letter should be small.

•        “Said”can be used without an object.

•         Told cannot be used without an object.